reference：Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling
1.概要：
传统的RNN在训练long-term dependencies 的时候会遇到很多困难，最常见的便是vanish gradient problen。期间有很多种解决这个问题的方法被发表。大致可以分为两类：一类是以新的方法改善或者代替传统的SGD方法，如Bengio提出的clip gradient；另一种则是设计更加精密的recurrent unit，如LSTM，GRU。而本文的重点是比较LSTM，GRU的performance。由于在machine translation上这两种unit的performance已经得到验证（效果差别不明显，performance差别不大），本文是在music datasets和speech signal modeling上进行实验的。
2.LSTM与GRU：
1） LSTM：
2）GRU：
3）概括的来说，LSTM和GRU都能通过各种Gate将重要特征保留，保证其在long-term 传播的时候也不会被丢失；还有一个不太好理解，作用就是有利于BP的时候不容易vanishing：
3.实验结果：
实验用了三个unit，传统的tanh，以及LSTM和GRU：
可以发现LSTM和GRU的差别并不大，但是都比tanh要明显好很多，所以在选择LSTM或者GRU的时候还要看具体的task data是什么
不过在收敛时间和需要的epoch上，GRU应该要更胜一筹：
4.代码（keras）：
1）LSTM：
def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim=128,
init='glorot_uniform', inner_init='orthogonal', forget_bias_init='one',
activation='tanh', inner_activation='hard_sigmoid',
weights=None, truncate_gradient=-1, return_sequences=False):
super(LSTM, self).__init__()
self.input_dim = input_dim
self.output_dim = output_dim
self.truncate_gradient = truncate_gradient
self.return_sequences = return_sequences
self.init = initializations.get(init)
self.inner_init = initializations.get(inner_init)
self.forget_bias_init = initializations.get(forget_bias_init)
self.activation = activations.get(activation)
self.inner_activation = activations.get(inner_activation)
self.input = T.tensor3()
self.W_i = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_i = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_i = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.W_f = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_f = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_f = self.forget_bias_init((self.output_dim))
self.W_c = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_c = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_c = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.W_o = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_o = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_o = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.params = [
self.W_i, self.U_i, self.b_i,
self.W_c, self.U_c, self.b_c,
self.W_f, self.U_f, self.b_f,
self.W_o, self.U_o, self.b_o,
]
if weights is not None:
self.set_weights(weights)
def _step(self,
xi_t, xf_t, xo_t, xc_t, mask_tm1,
h_tm1, c_tm1,
u_i, u_f, u_o, u_c):
h_mask_tm1 = mask_tm1 * h_tm1
c_mask_tm1 = mask_tm1 * c_tm1
i_t = self.inner_activation(xi_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_i))
f_t = self.inner_activation(xf_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_f))
c_t = f_t * c_mask_tm1 + i_t * self.activation(xc_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_c))
o_t = self.inner_activation(xo_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_o))
h_t = o_t * self.activation(c_t)
return h_t, c_t
def get_output(self, train=False):
X = self.get_input(train)
padded_mask = self.get_padded_shuffled_mask(train, X, pad=1)
X = X.dimshuffle((1, 0, 2))
xi = T.dot(X, self.W_i) + self.b_i
xf = T.dot(X, self.W_f) + self.b_f
xc = T.dot(X, self.W_c) + self.b_c
xo = T.dot(X, self.W_o) + self.b_o
[outputs, memories], updates = theano.scan(
self._step,
sequences=[xi, xf, xo, xc, padded_mask],
outputs_info=[
T.unbroadcast(alloc_zeros_matrix(X.shape[1], self.output_dim), 1),
T.unbroadcast(alloc_zeros_matrix(X.shape[1], self.output_dim), 1)
],
non_sequences=[self.U_i, self.U_f, self.U_o, self.U_c],
truncate_gradient=self.truncate_gradient)
if self.return_sequences:
return outputs.dimshuffle((1, 0, 2))
return outputs[-1]
def get_config(self):
return {"name": self.__class__.__name__,
"input_dim": self.input_dim,
"output_dim": self.output_dim,
"init": self.init.__name__,
"inner_init": self.inner_init.__name__,
"forget_bias_init": self.forget_bias_init.__name__,
"activation": self.activation.__name__,
"inner_activation": self.inner_activation.__name__,
"truncate_gradient": self.truncate_gradient,
"return_sequences": self.return_sequences}
2）GRU：
def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim=128,
init='glorot_uniform', inner_init='orthogonal',
activation='sigmoid', inner_activation='hard_sigmoid',
weights=None, truncate_gradient=-1, return_sequences=False):
super(GRU, self).__init__()
self.input_dim = input_dim
self.output_dim = output_dim
self.truncate_gradient = truncate_gradient
self.return_sequences = return_sequences
self.init = initializations.get(init)
self.inner_init = initializations.get(inner_init)
self.activation = activations.get(activation)
self.inner_activation = activations.get(inner_activation)
self.input = T.tensor3()
self.W_z = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_z = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_z = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.W_r = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_r = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_r = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.W_h = self.init((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
self.U_h = self.inner_init((self.output_dim, self.output_dim))
self.b_h = shared_zeros((self.output_dim))
self.params = [
self.W_z, self.U_z, self.b_z,
self.W_r, self.U_r, self.b_r,
self.W_h, self.U_h, self.b_h,
]
if weights is not None:
self.set_weights(weights)
def _step(self,
xz_t, xr_t, xh_t, mask_tm1,
h_tm1,
u_z, u_r, u_h):
h_mask_tm1 = mask_tm1 * h_tm1
z = self.inner_activation(xz_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_z))
r = self.inner_activation(xr_t + T.dot(h_mask_tm1, u_r))
hh_t = self.activation(xh_t + T.dot(r * h_mask_tm1, u_h))
h_t = z * h_mask_tm1 + (1 - z) * hh_t
return h_t
def get_output(self, train=False):
X = self.get_input(train)
padded_mask = self.get_padded_shuffled_mask(train, X, pad=1)
X = X.dimshuffle((1, 0, 2))
x_z = T.dot(X, self.W_z) + self.b_z
x_r = T.dot(X, self.W_r) + self.b_r
x_h = T.dot(X, self.W_h) + self.b_h
outputs, updates = theano.scan(
self._step,
sequences=[x_z, x_r, x_h, padded_mask],
outputs_info=T.unbroadcast(alloc_zeros_matrix(X.shape[1], self.output_dim), 1),
non_sequences=[self.U_z, self.U_r, self.U_h],
truncate_gradient=self.truncate_gradient)
if self.return_sequences:
return outputs.dimshuffle((1, 0, 2))
return outputs[-1]
def get_config(self):
return {"name": self.__class__.__name__,
"input_dim": self.input_dim,
"output_dim": self.output_dim,
"init": self.init.__name__,
"inner_init": self.inner_init.__name__,
"activation": self.activation.__name__,
"inner_activation": self.inner_activation.__name__,
"truncate_gradient": self.truncate_gradient,
"return_sequences": self.return_sequences}
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